Effective Battery Thermal Management System Research Articles

Employing extended surfaces for a hybrid battery thermal management system comprising PCM and refrigerated cooling air: An experimental investigation

If electric vehicles (EVs) are to supersede a larger share of the automobile market, developing safer battery packs with longer life and larger energy and power capacities is crucial. An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) can promise many critical attributes of an EV battery pack, such as safety, life, and reliability. This article presents an effective BTMS with a novel hybrid design in which phase change material (PCM) is hybridized with a refrigerated air stream equipped with fins. The presented hybrid design is investigated experimentally and the role of fin structure and environmental conditions are examined. In addition, active and passive cooling strategies are also investigated to provide a more comprehensive analysis. The results show that the pure passive BTMS cannot control the module temperature in hot environments. On the other hand, although an active BTMS incorporating the refrigerated air provides a fast cooling process, the maximum temperature difference exceeds the improper value of 15 °C. The results demonstrate that the hybrid BTMSs can effectively control the temperature as well as minimize the maximum temperature difference. Furthermore, employing fins in the hybrid BTMSs leads to faster cooling. Among the three investigated fin structures, the spiral structure shows the best performance in controlling the average temperature of the module with a 4.2 °C temperature reduction relative to a similar case with no fin. The results of this study show that in long-term operation, a hybrid cooling strategy requires about one-third less energy in comparison to an active cooling strategy.

Parametric investigation of battery thermal management system with phase change material, metal foam, and fins; utilizing CFD and ANN models

The focus on developing an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) to maintain optimal temperatures for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially in electric vehicle (EV) applications, has grown significantly. The effective BTMS not only enhances the cooling performance of LIBs but also contributes to increased passenger safety and mileage of EVs. This study investigates BTMS configurations with fins, metal foam, and phase change material (PCM) to minimize temperature of battery during 3C discharging in varying conditions. Additionally, the study explores the impact of different BTMS material combinations and various fins lengths on system performance as a parametric investigation. Moreover, to streamline the analysis process and introduce novelty, artificial intelligence is explored as an alternative to computational fluid dynamics for predicting liquid fraction of PCM and temperature of battery, enhancing the innovative aspect of this study. Numerical simulations, using a non-equilibrium thermal model for metal foam modeling, reveal that the fourth case, integrating all three passive approaches, maintains the lowest temperature and enhances LIB cooling. The optimum BTMS shows a reduction of 3 K compared to BTMS utilizing pure PCM. During discharge process, the temperature difference in the battery decreases by approximately 75 % and 66 % in the fourth case compared to the first case (with pure PCM) under normal and harsh environmental conditions, respectively. Applying copper metal foam and copper fins yields the best results in reducing battery temperature. Increasing the length of fins and adding more fins effectively lower the battery temperature. Finally, an artificial neural network model is developed using the backpropagation learning technique coupled with the gradient descent optimization algorithm. The model exhibits excellent predictive capabilities, achieving high R-squared values of 0.98 for PCM liquid fraction and 0.99 for battery temperature.

Optimizing BESS performance: Anisotropic thermal properties and innovative parallel-flow cooling solutions

As the demand for efficient energy storage solutions intensifies, container-type battery energy storage systems (BESS) have gained prominence. BESS usually utilizes large-format laminated lithium-ion battery (LIB) modules, which inherently possess unique anisotropic thermal properties. Specifically, the surface regions with elevated temperatures exhibit high thermal conductivity, while the cooler zones at both ends manifest reduced conductivity. Such disparities emphasize the challenge of developing an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) for these modules. To address this, our study introduces an innovative BTMS configuration wherein the batteries are aligned in series, while cooling air flows parallel to them. This parallel-flow cooling approach capitalizes on the anisotropic properties, intensifying airflow over the surfaces and recirculating cooling air to optimize heat dissipation from hotspots. Consequently, our system reduces the peak temperature from 42.3 °C to 37.5 °C, as well as the temperature difference (ΔT) from 14.3 °C to 10.2 °C across the entire BESS, respectively representing 11.3 % and 28.7 % changes. This leads to a substantial 75.9 % enhancement in the performance index, significantly augmenting both the safety and commercial viability of the BESS.

Experimental Assessment of Different Air-Based Battery Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack

<div>Lithium-ion (LI) batteries are widely used to power electric vehicles (EVs), owing to their high charge density, to minimize the environmental pollution caused by fossil fuel-based engines. It experiences an enormous amount of heat generation during charging and discharging cycles, which results in higher operating temperatures and thermal nonuniformity. This affects performance, useful battery life, and operating costs. This can be mitigated by an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) to dissipate the heat there by safeguarding the battery from adverse thermal effects and ensuring high performance, safety, and longevity of the battery. This article presents a method to estimate the cooling requirement of a given battery pack using calorimetry and discusses the effect of airflow path, flow rate, and inlet air temperature on the thermal behavior of a 4S4P battery pack consisting of 18650 type lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cylindrical Li-ion cells each of 2.55 Ah capacity. In battery pack operation without a cooling system, it is found that the interior cells experience a 3°C higher cell temperature relative to the rest of the battery pack. The cooling performance of the different air BTMS, viz., natural convection cooling, single suction fan cooling, two-fan air cooling, centralized inlet air cooling, and wet jute-based single suction fan air cooling, is discussed. It is observed that the peak temperature rise of the cells in the battery pack was found to be the least in centralized inlet air cooling, unlike other cooling configurations. The wet jute-based single suction fan air cooling is superior by achieving the highest COP of 6, with an 8.9°C rise in battery pack peak temperature for a permissible peak discharge rate. It is observed that the temperature rise of the battery pack is profoundly influenced by the temperature of the inlet air compared to the flow rate.</div>

Evaluating Air‐Cooling Performance of Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Module with Various Cell Arrangements

The significant heat generated during the operation of lithium‐ion batteries raises the battery temperature thereby leading to performance degradation and thermal runaway in a thermal abuse environment. Therefore, a simple but effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial to achieve the permissible operating temperatures. In this work, the performance of air‐cooled BTMS is evaluated by changing the arrangement of cells under discharging conditions. Seven distinct arrangements (trapezoidal, slanted, cross, aligned, staggered, tilted square, and zigzag) of lithium‐ion cells are investigated in a rectangular battery pack. Two‐way coupling of 1D electrochemical model and 2D conjugate thermal‐fluid model is employed. The increasing Reynolds number reduces the cell temperature due to augmented convective effects. Under otherwise identical conditions, the zigzag cell arrangement outperforms the other cell arrangements but at the expense of the highest pressure drop (≈threefold). Particularly, the values of average and maximum cell temperature are reduced by ≈5K and ≈4K, respectively, for Re = 1000 at 1C in comparison to the aligned cell arrangement. Similarly, the least favorable performance is predicted by the trapezoidal, slanted, and cross‐cell arrangements. Finally, a performance plot is suggested considering the trade‐off between the power requirement and the cooling enhancement.

Li-Ion Battery Immersed Heat Pipe Cooling Technology for Electric Vehicles

Lithium-ion batteries, crucial in powering Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), face critical challenges in maintaining safety and efficiency. The quest for an effective Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) arises from critical concerns over the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, particularly in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This study introduces a pioneering BTMS solution merging a two-phase immersion cooling system with heat pipes. Notably, the integration of NovecTM 649 as the dielectric fluid substantially mitigates thermal runaway-induced fire risks without requiring an additional power source. Comprehensive 1-D modeling, validated against AMESim (Advanced Modeling Environment for Simulation of Engineering Systems) simulations and experiments, investigates diverse design variable impacts on thermal resistance and evaporator temperature. At 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W heat inputs, the BTMS consistently maintained lithium-ion battery temperatures within the optimal range (approximately 27–34 °C). Optimized porosity (60%) and filling ratios (30–40%) minimized thermal resistance to 0.3848–0.4549 °C/W. This innovative system not only enhances safety but also improves energy efficiency by reducing weight, affirming its potential to revolutionize lithium-ion battery performance and address critical challenges in the field.

A Novel Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management System With a Cooling Plate Based on Biomimetic Fractal Channels

Abstract An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary to quickly release the heat generated by power batteries under a high discharge rate and ensure the safe operation of electric vehicles. Inspired by the biomimetic structure in nature, a novel liquid cooling BTMS with a cooling plate based on biomimetic fractal structure was proposed. By developing the physical model of the BTMS, numerical calculations were conducted to analyze the impacts of the structural parameters of the cooling plate and the inlet velocity of the coolant on the thermal performance of the batteries. The results showed that the cooling plate can meet the heat dissipation requirements of high-temperature uniformity for the batteries under high discharge rates, especially under the extremely uniform channel distribution mode for the adjacent fractal branch at the same level. Moreover, the increase in the group number of fractal branches can improve the cooling capacity of the cooling plate and reduce the pressure drop of the coolant. The increase in the level number of channels, the length ratio, and the inlet velocity of the coolant can enhance the cooling capacity. However, these methods of enhancing heat transfer require more pump power consumption. When the group number of fractal branches is 4, the level number of channels is 3, the length ratio is 1, and the inlet velocity of the coolant is 0.5 m/s, the BTMS can control the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the batteries under 4C-rate discharge within 31.68 °C and 4.15 °C, respectively. Finally, orthogonal test was conducted on four factors: the group number of fractal branches, the level number of channels, the length ratio, and the inlet velocity of the coolant. The results showed that the level number of branches is the most important structural parameter.

Computational analysis of preheating cylindrical lithium-ion batteries with fin-assisted phase change material

The existing conventional vehicle transportation landscape in India is grappling with challenges stemming from extensive air pollution, health risks, surging oil prices, limited fossil fuel resources, substantial oil import expenses and energy volatility. To counter these issues, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are progressively replacing internal combustion engines, offering a promising route toward decarbonization and mitigating climate concerns. EVs rely on electric motors powered by batteries, predominantly Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), known for their superior attributes such as low self-discharge, high energy density and extended life cycle. Nevertheless, LIB performance is significantly influenced by operating temperatures, with suboptimal conditions leading to decreased efficiency, power loss and faster aging. Addressing this, an effective Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) becomes crucial to maintain batteries at optimal temperatures, enhancing their efficiency and safety. This study focuses on a computational analysis of passive heating systems employing Fins and Phase Change Materials (PCM) for 18650 Li-ion battery thermal management at low temperatures, with specific attention to battery module analysis. Numerical analysis using ANSYS FLUENT investigates the influence of varying PCM thickness on heat transfer, predicting temperature distribution and discussing its impact on battery output performance.

Simulative Investigation of Optimal Multiparameterized Cooling Plate Topologies for Different Battery System Configurations

To design an effective battery thermal management system, multiple simulations with different levels of modeling, physics, and details are generally needed. However, complex and high‐resolution models are time‐consuming, both in terms of buildup and in computation time. Especially the fast‐moving early‐stage development phases demand all‐in‐one model approaches allowing for quick and efficient concept evaluations. To meet these requirements, herein, a lumped‐mass modeling approach is proposed and a methodology for evaluating various liquid cooling plate topologies is derived. The framework aims to assist the volatile concept phase of battery system development in providing multidimensionally optimized cooling plate topologies. A novel modeling strategy preselects plate parameters using a reduction procedure that couples the transient models’ accuracy with the steady‐state models’ computation time advantages. The results analyze different initial battery geometries, indicating significant deviations in their optimized cooling plate properties. Plate topologies are varied between their main construction design parameters: tube size and tube‐to‐tube distance. In addition to battery's mean temperature, further meaningful parameters like resulting volume flow are evaluated, compared, and discussed for the entire set of battery geometries. Subsequent sensitivity analyses show geometry‐related optimal plate topologies depending on the cooling circuit performance, stressing the necessity for early‐stage cooling plate investigations.

Thermal analysis of batteries of electrical vehicle battery for effective thermal management

The performance analysis and upgradations of lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) has become the prime concern in automotive industries. By maintaining the temperature within the recommended ranges, battery performance can be made effective. The present work discusses the aspects of effective battery thermal management system (BTMS), wherein the temperature effects on performance of battery have been analysed for different scenarios viz. low temperature and high temperature performances. A liquid-cooled Li-ion battery pack in COMSOL was designed and simulated to verify temperature differences before and during the load. Moreover, fabricated a BTMS model which is capable to decrease the temperature by 2–4 °C with particular time limits.

Effect of mechanical vibration on phase change material based thermal management system for a cylindrical lithium-ion battery at high ambient temperature and high discharge rate

The performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) in electric vehicles (EV) depend strongly on the operating temperature, so an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential. Battery thermal management (BTM) technology based on phase change material (PCM) is currently considered to be one of the most promising approaches. Electric vehicles are inevitably affected by vibration during operation, and many studies have shown that mechanical vibration can enhance natural convection heat transfer. The effect of mechanical vibration on the PCM-based battery thermal management module of a single cylindrical lithium-ion battery at high ambient temperature and high discharge rate is studied by numerical simulation for the first time in this paper. N-octadecane is selected as the PCM application in the cylindrical battery's periphery. The results show that: (1) mechanical vibration enhances the heat transfer of natural convection to limit the excessive temperature rise and improve temperature uniformity of the lithium-ion battery, and when the PCM is 12 mm, the mechanical vibration has the most significant impact on the PCM-based BTMS (2) when the vibration frequency is 10 Hz, the cooling effect of the battery thermal management module is the best, which is 28.05% lower than when there is no vibration. when the vibration frequency is 50 Hz, the temperature uniformity of the battery is the best, with a maximum temperature difference of 3.86 K. (3) when the vibration amplitude is 100 mm, the maximum temperature difference of the battery is 1.89 K, and the maximum temperature decreases by 27.74%. This study provides a new perspective for the thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles.

Experimental investigation on a heating-and-cooling difunctional battery thermal management system based on refrigerant

Li-ion batteries are widely used as the power source for electric vehicles (EVs). Due to the temperature-sensitive nature of the performance of the Li-ion batteries, an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is critical. In this paper, a refrigerant-based BTMS is proposed, which could heat and cool the battery pack without auxiliary systems. Experimental comparisons between the proposed refrigerant-based BTMS and a coolant-based BTMS are performed in terms of the system dynamic response, thermal characteristics, and energy consumption, under a wide range of ambient temperatures. The experimental results indicate that the proposed BTMS operates efficiently by controlling the pressure and the superheat of the refrigerant. Furthermore, the proposed BTMS is able to maintain the maximum battery cell temperature within 46 °C and maintain temperature uniformity with a maximum cell temperature difference below 5 °C. Compared to the coolant-based BTMS, the heating rate of battery with refrigerant-based BTMS is effectively improved 30.6% at an ambient temperature of −20 °C. Besides, the energy consumption of the refrigerant-based BTMS decreases by 40.4% and 56.8% under ambient temperatures of 38 °C and −20 °C, respectively.

Thermal performance of a lithium-ion battery thermal management system with vapor chamber and minichannel cold plate

An effective battery thermal management system is essential to maintain the operating temperature of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in the optimum range and excellent temperature uniformity. In this work, a novel battery thermal management system based on a vapor chamber and minichannel cold plate is proposed to cool and preheat the battery module. A transient numerical simulation is developed and verified by experiments. The thermal characteristics of three battery thermal management systems are analyzed: natural convection cooling, minichannel cold plate cooling, and mixed minichannel cold plate and vapor chamber cooling. Subsequently, the effects of the discharge rate (1C, 2C, 3C), the arrangement and width of the minichannel cold plate, the coolant inlet velocity and coolant temperature on the cooling performance of the systems are investigated. The research results reveal that compared with natural convection cooling and minichannel cold plate cooling, mixed minichannel cold plate and vapor chamber cooling method exhibits lower maximum temperature and more uniform temperature distribution. When the batteries are discharged at 2C and the coolant temperature is 25 °C, the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the batteries can be maintained at 29.6 °C and 3.5 °C respectively. In addition, the preheating performance of the battery module at subzero temperature is also discussed. The results indicate that the proposed battery thermal management system with vapor chamber and minichannel cold plate also exhibits rapid heating capacity and excellent temperature uniformity.

Comprehensive Analysis of Battery Thermal Management Systems for New Energy Vehicles

In recent years, challenges such as energy scarcity and environmental pollution have become more serious, presenting tremendous prospects for creating new energy vehicles and enabling new energy vehicles to develop swiftly. However, the service life of the power battery of new energy vehicles, the battery capacity is too small and the charging time is extended, etc. have become the bottleneck restricting the development of new energy vehicles, and an effective battery thermal management system is a necessary way to solve these problems. This article describes and evaluates the state-of-arts battery thermal management system plan for new energy cars and introduces the working concept of air, liquid, and phase change cooling systems. This study can assist readers in forming a more thorough knowledge of the evolution of battery thermal management technology for new energy vehicles and give researchers suggestions for thinking about crucial technologies.

An energy-efficient battery thermal management system incorporating a porous metal-based multiscale flow manifold

Development of an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial for increasing the lifetime of electrochemical batteries and their reliable operation for various energy systems such as electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). Liquid cooling can be a promising thermal management strategy for high energy density batteries due to its high heat transfer coefficient. However, conventional liquid cooling modules for large-scale battery packages require a high pumping power due to a long and serpentine flow path. They also induce a high-temperature deviation of battery cells since the coolant temperature gradually increases from inlet to outlet. Here, we introduce an energy-efficient liquid cooling module incorporating manifold flow distributors connected to a porous metal layer. The thermohydraulic performances of BTMS are investigated using both numerical and experimental platforms for the battery package composed of 24 pouch-type cells. The total energy capacity and heat generation of the package are determined to be ∼6.9 kWh and 504 W, respectively. The cooling module is designed to minimize the vortex generation within the cooling path, maximizing heat exchange area, and minimizing heat spreading resistance. The developed liquid cooling module shows ∼12.9 % higher temperature uniformity and 7.4 % lower maximum cell temperature compared to the straight channel-based module utilizing the same flow rate. The proposed liquid cooling strategy provides ∼43.3 °C of the maximum cell temperature with below 2 °C of temperature deviation by consuming only 3 L/min, which is ∼4.2 times lower flow rate compared to that of previously reported straight channel-based BTMS. This work will help develop energy-efficient electrochemical battery-based energy systems including EVs and ESSs.

Study on efficacy of different heat transfer fluids flowing through an aluminium flow plate channel on the temperature of the prismatic lithium-ion battery pack

The evolution of high-capacity and higher-power lithium-ion batteries with longer battery life, quick charging rate, and low self-discharge rate is a significant achievement in enhancing the performance of Electric Vehicles (EVs). However, overheating is always an issue, just as it is with other known energy sources. As a result, effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) for lithium-ion battery packs is critical for reducing the overheating and thereby prolonging the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries and enhancing the performance of Electric Vehicles. Cooling systems play a major part in keeping the battery cool through heat extraction and maintaining a consistent temperature. In this paper, a detailed analysis of effectiveness of three fluids: Water, Therminol VP-1, and Ethylene glycol towards thermal management of prismatic lithium ion battery is studied on a modelled battery pack consisting of five unit cells in which each unit cell comprises of one cooling fin made up of the materialistic properties of aluminium in between two prismatic battery and the following conclusions was derived from the study: i) The inlet flow rate under optimised condition for ethylene glycol, Therminol VP-1 & water was found to be 3.25 cm^3/s, 5.5 cm^3/s & 2.25 cm^3/s respectively, ii)The residence time of the heat transfer fluid in the cooling fin plate channels was found to be only in the range of few seconds, iii) Temperature difference of 2 K was found within the batteries. The temperature difference between distinct batteries through the y-axis was less than the temperature difference within an individual battery on the xz-plane & iv) Water is more efficient in cooling the prismatic batteries followed by ethylene glycol. Therminol VP-1 was found to be least efficient in cooling the prismatic batteries.

A Lightweight Multichannel Direct Contact Liquid-Cooling System and Its Optimization for Lithium-Ion Batteries

An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is of great significance to ensure the safety and efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Both the temperature properties and lightweight are essential to the BTMS in electric vehicles. To fulfill these targets, a direct contact liquid-cooling system with multichannel is designed for the LIB module, and the simulation model is established and validated experimentally. The single-factor analysis is performed to explore the individual influence of different variables, and the comprehensive effect is conducted by the gray relational analysis. Furthermore, three surrogate models, including the response surface model, the Gaussian process model, and the radial basis function model, are conducted to parameterize the temperature behavior. On this basis, the multiobjective optimization functions are established and optimized by considering the maximum temperature, temperature difference, and accessories mass ratio. The results suggest that the optimized liquid-cooling system achieves high cooling efficiency and is lightweight compared with other liquid-cooling systems. The maximum temperature can be controlled below 36 °C, while the temperature difference is limited to 0.65 °C at a 3-C discharge rate. Besides, the accessories mass ratio of the battery module is declined to 10.25%.

Research of Thermal Behaviour of Li-ion Battery Module Based on Liquid Cooling

An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial to ensure the battery temperature in an appropriate range and prolong the battery life. In this paper, a liquid cooling thermal management method for a li-ion battery module which is consisting of 12 prismatic batteries is set up, three circuitous channels embedded with a cooling plate are studied. Meanwhile, the performance evaluations of the battery module by considering different cooling conditions and battery arrangement are investigated numerically. The effects of the flow area of cooling plate and mass flow rate of coolant on the peak temperature and temperature difference of the battery module during charge/discharge process are examined. The larger flow area is experienced with a lower maximum temperature. Increases of maximum temperature and temperature difference are shown at lower mass flow rate. This paper provides guidance for the design and optimization of the module and thermal management.

Analytical modeling and simulation of liquid cooling thermal management of a lithium-ion battery module

ABSTRACT An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) of power battery module for electric vehicles (EVs) plays a decisive role in battery life, cost, and safety in use. A BTMS method for a lithium-ion battery module, which is consisting of 12 prismatic cells, is proposed based on liquid cooling in the present work. Three circuitous channels embedded with a cooling plate are studied. In addition, the reliability and scientificity of the numerical model are verified by cooling performance tests. The simulation and test for this BTMS under a 3C discharging and charging rate were performed. Meanwhile, the performance evaluations of the battery module by considering different cooling conditions and battery arrangement are investigated numerically. With the help of the numerical model and test, the effects of flow area, mass flow rate, and cell gap on the battery temperature are examined and discussed. Simulation results illustrate that the larger flow area is experienced with a lower maximum temperature. BTMS with five channels design exhibits better heat dissipation behavior, and the maximum temperature and temperature difference under 80 g/s mass flow rate is about 45°C. Then, increases of maximum temperature and temperature difference are shown under lower mass flow rate, and the peak temperature at the lowest flow rate of 2 g/s is equal to 79.89°C, while it increases to 80 g/s, the peak temperature drops down to 47.43°C. Moreover, the lower the cell gap is, the worse the cooling performance is. Consequently, this study of this paper will provide a theoretical and an experimental basis for improving the battery module thermal behavior and BTMS strategy.

CFD Analysis of Battery Thermal Management System

The transition to electric mobility, owing to their proposition as a solution to the environmental qualms of rising levels of pollution due to the utilization of conventional sources of energy (fossil fuels), has directed the attention of researchers to the main energy storage system of the electric vehicles that is batteries. Due to their efficient peak and average power delivery, batteries are the preferred choice for energy storage. With Lithium-ion chemistry proving to be an efficient battery technology in terms of energy density, specific power, safety, durability, and reduced emissions; the requirements for their optimum operation include a temperature range of 15°C-35°C and a uniform temperature profile, which in turn affects the vehicle performance are a cause of concern. This underscores the importance of a design of an effective battery thermal management system (BTMS). A BTMS is tasked with the maintain a fixed range of temperature throughout the battery operation, thus enhancing its life and efficiency. A variety of BTMS designs have been presented based on different types of medium, power consumption and thermal cycle. The objective of this work is to analyse the different BTMSs for different arrangements of cells in a battery module using CFD and utilize the results of the analysis to propose the optimum, cost-effective, and low maintenance BTMS for enhanced performance of the battery module. The CFD analysis is performed the assessment of the airflow using ANSYS Fluent in the BTMS. The analysis of the air flow through the battery module can give a better insight on changing the packing arrangement of cells and positioning of active or passive thermal management systems.